Our working hypothesis is that no single funding source fits every country. The research programme compares different instruments, their possible contribution and the limits within which they can be counted.
Strengthen domestic public revenue without double-counting resources already included in ordinary budgets.
Use stable social contributions where the contributory base and administrative system make them workable.
Release resources by reforming subsidies with unjustified public or environmental costs while protecting people affected by the transition.
Consider additional revenue from coordinated multinational taxation only where allocation and collection can be documented.
Return to the public a share of value generated by scarcity and use of natural resources not produced by human activity.
Use carbon pricing where appropriate as an environmental tool and possible revenue source without assuming that revenue is permanent.
Assess wealth and property tax mixes against liquidity, administration, investment and concentration of economic power.
Use tourism-related levies where visitor flows create a meaningful fiscal base, accounting for sector volatility.
Cover part of unmet needs through international grants or a durable common pool when domestic resources are insufficient, separating durable commitments from temporary finance.
Use concessional multilateral finance for investment compatible with debt, absorption and delivery capacity. In the current model it does not fund permanent recurring costs.
Use private or blended capital only for investments where affordability, value, risk and accountability remain controllable.
Use savings from debt swaps or refinancing for investment without turning new debt into ordinary funding for permanent costs.
Assess coordinated international transport levies as a possible source for the global common pool rather than automatic country revenue.
It is not assigned directly to a country: it may supply a common pool.
Assess a coordinated component on extremely high wealth as a possible common source only when adoption, tax base, allocation and legal responsibility are defined.
It is not assigned directly to a country: it may supply a common pool.
Assess more stable high-income-country contributions and closer convergence toward aid commitments without treating political targets as money already available.
It is not assigned directly to a country: it may supply a common pool.
Recover measurable savings from better procurement and administration where savings do not come from simply cutting necessary services or controls.
Shift resources from lower-priority uses toward necessary functions where the change is politically, legally and operationally feasible.
Treat recovery of illicit financial flows or assets as possible upside. The reference model assigns it zero credit until it can be demonstrated.
Zero credit until actual recovery can be demonstrated.
Countries with different fiscal capacity, debt, administration, economic structure and resources do not start from the same position. The mix is therefore assessed country by country.
Planning ceilings are estimates or scenario constraints; they are not resources already available or funding already secured.
