State of the art and sources
The world is not waiting for World4Humans to begin. Public organizations, international institutions and scientific research have already developed mature methods for planning services, estimating resources, tracking finance, assessing public capacity, managing procurement, modelling interdependencies and adapting policy over time.
Concrete examples
These examples cover different parts of the chain. Each also includes its boundary, because the maturity of one component does not automatically transfer its result to other sectors or to the project as a whole.
Integrates health targets, intervention packages, workforce, infrastructure, logistics, costs, impact and financing-scenario comparison.
It is sector-specific, and financing comparison does not establish appropriation, cash release, procurement or effective remedies.
Turns WASH-sector bottlenecks into prioritized, costed actions, connecting diagnosis, planning and responsibilities.
It does not by itself close financing, cash release and execution of the identified actions.
Provides a methodology for tracking WASH financial flows: who finances, through which channels and how much is spent.
It tracks finance; it does not by itself determine physical need or guarantee delivery quality.
Builds geospatial and technological electrification pathways and compares grid extension, mini-grid and standalone options.
It is an energy-planning platform; it does not establish financing or execution capacity for the whole pathway.
Builds care-policy packages and estimates investment, coverage and employment effects.
It is strong on package design, investment and effects; it is not evidence of actual appropriation, procurement or delivery.
Formalizes delivery chains from outreach and registration through assessment, enrolment, provision, case management, grievances and exit.
It describes social-protection delivery systems, not a general model for every sector and financing source.
Coordinates national financing strategies, policies and institutions to align public and private finance with development priorities.
It starts from defined priorities and needs; it does not itself build service packages or certify cash release and execution.
Links financing, public systems and results, using country systems and verifiable program indicators.
It is a financing and implementation instrument for defined programs; it does not by itself generate multisector needs or packages.
Assesses the institutions governing planning, allocation and implementation of public investment.
It is an institutional diagnostic, not a cash ledger or project-by-project proof of delivery.
Assesses public financial management across budgeting, control, accounting, reporting and scrutiny.
It measures PFM system quality; it does not establish additional resources or sector delivery capacity.
Assesses the quality, capacity and integrity of public procurement systems through a structured methodology.
It diagnoses the procurement system; it does not prove that a specific program is already procurable or financed.
Integrates public-service delivery, resource allocation, labour markets and macroeconomic interactions in an economy-wide framework.
Macro-sector aggregation does not establish executable cash or program-specific delivery.
Integrates economic, social and environmental sectors with feedbacks to analyse policy and SDG interactions.
It does not replace detailed sector models or certify program execution states.
Models interdependencies and trade-offs across national infrastructure, demand, capacity and long-term scenarios.
It is a cross-sector infrastructure model; it does not automatically close public finance, procurement and service delivery.
Defines adaptive pathways with signals, thresholds and decision points for switching strategy as conditions make a policy inadequate.
It structures adaptation under uncertainty; it does not by itself supply needs, financing or delivery capacity.
State of the art
Existing literature already provides mature methods and models for many parts of the problem: living-standard and material requirements, physical gaps, sector planning and costing, fiscal and financing capacity, cross-sector interactions, budgeting and execution, procurement, delivery, remedies and adaptation. Some integrated models already cover very large parts of this sequence. World4Humans uses those results as a starting point and focuses on the quantities and connections that still have to be tested within its own analytical object. The public bibliography documents the sources reviewed; it is not presented as an exhaustive survey of the world literature.
The sources below document relevant previous work and methods examined in the current review. Links point to the available official page, repository or DOI.
WHO (2013), OneHealth Tool: Supporting integrated strategic health planning, costing and health impact analysis
Pedercini, Arquitt & Chan (2020), Integrated simulation for the 2030 Agenda
Bourguignon, Diaz-Bonilla & Lofgren (2008), Aid, Service Delivery, and the MDGs in an Economy-wide Framework
IMF (2023), SDG Financing Tool User Manual
IATF/INFF (2021), Integrated national financing frameworks: Governance and coordination
IATF/INFF (2021), Monitoring and review building block
World Bank, Program-for-Results Financing Internal Guidance Notes
IMF (2022), How to Make the Management of Public Finances Climate-Sensitive—Green PFM
OECD (2019), Governance as an SDG Accelerator: Country Experiences and Tools
Haasnoot et al. (2013), Dynamic adaptive policy pathways
World Bank (2011), Financial Management Information Systems: 25 Years of World Bank Experience
Gómez Sánchez et al. (2023), Resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem: A survey
World Bank (2023), Grievance Redress Service Annual Report FY23
Hall, J.W. et al. (2017), Strategic analysis of the future of national infrastructure. Proceedings of the ICE - Civil Engineering 170(1), 39-47.
OCHA (2026), Costing 2026: How-to Guide / Humanitarian Programme Cycle Country Module documentation.
Greece linked water-energy-food-emissions framework (2025)
Kikstra et al. (2021), Decent living gaps and energy needs around the world
Fanning et al. (2022), The social shortfall and ecological overshoot of nations
Vélez-Henao & Pauliuk (2023), Material Requirements of Decent Living Standards
Schlesier, Schäfer & Desing (2024), Measuring the Doughnut
Kikstra et al. (2025), Closing decent living gaps in energy and emissions scenarios: introducing DESIRE
Hoffmann et al. (2025), Subnational survey data reveal persistent gaps in living standards across 75 LMICs
Streeck et al. (2025), Small increases in material stocks to achieve decent living standards globally
Vélez-Henao et al. (2026), Water, land, materials, and emissions for providing decent living standards around the world
OECD (2025), Government at a Glance 2025. OECD Publishing.
UNICEF (2020), Review of the WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool (WASH-BAT): Improving the WASH-BAT tool for planning and partnering.
World Health Organization (2021), Reflecting on TrackFin 2012-2020: Improving national WASH financing systems.
World Bank (2024), Global Electrification Platform 3.0.
Lindert, K. et al. (2020), Sourcebook on the Foundations of Social Protection Delivery Systems. World Bank.
IMF (2022), Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) Handbook.
PEFA Secretariat (2016), Framework for Assessing Public Financial Management.
ILO (2024), Care Policy Investment Simulator 2.0: Technical note.
UNESCO-IIEP (current method page; 2015 stable guidelines), education financial simulation and costed operational planning.
MAPS Secretariat, Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems (MAPS), current methodology.
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